Regional State of Ocean and Coasts 2021: The East Asian Seas Region (VOLUME 1)
PUBLICATION DATE:
Thursday, December 02, 2021
PUBLICATION TYPE:
Books
STATUS:
Only Available Online
DESCRIPTION:
The ocean covers 70% of the surface of our blue planet and constitutes >95% of the biosphere. Life originated in the ocean, and it continues to support all life today by generating oxygen, absorbing carbon dioxide, recycling nutrients, regulating global climate and temperature, and providing food, energy, water, and other resources.
The ocean wealth of the EAS region.
Ocean in the national income accounts. The ocean economy in the EAS region is around US$1.5 trillion in value added in 2015.
Employment in the ocean economy. There are 61 million people directly employed in the ocean economy, however, more are dependent on the ocean for their livelihoods as small-scale, household, and informal activities are not included in the current accounts.
Blue capital and coastal and marine ecosystem services. The EAS region is home to a third of the world’s mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and coral reefs. These coastal and marine ecosystems, together with the tidal flats and salt marshes, are estimated to be worth around US$2 trillion. The blue carbon value is estimated to be US$68 billion for mangroves and US$40 billion for seagrass.
But our ocean is under stress… from climate change, pollution, habitat and biodiversity loss, overfishing and destructive fishing, and other unsustainable human activities. Bold and innovative actions are needed to protect ocean health, build more sustainable and resilient economies, reduce poverty, and help the most vulnerable.
Why blue economy?
The ocean has a major role to play in humanity’s future. As the EAS Region is gearing up to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Blue Economy offers a development strategy anchored on sustainable and inclusive prosperity, low-carbon growth, and protection of ocean ecosystems to ensure food security, jobs and livelihoods, resiliency, recreation, and wellbeing. The blue economy can help the region by:
- Creating nature-based jobs, such as aquaculture, ecotourism, restoration of coastal habitats, and managing protected areas
- Offering new economic opportunities and jobs to reduce poverty through the sustainable development of key oceanic sectors, such as fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, ports, shipping, shipbuilding, and marine renewable energy, and their value-chains, and supporting new industries like marine biotechnology
- Helping the region to mitigate and adapt to climate change through blue carbon, offshore wind and ocean energy, decarbonization, and new technologies
- Fostering nature-based infrastructure, such as mangroves, to provide protection from coastal erosion, flooding, storm surge, tsunami, and other natural disasters (as well as other ecosystem services)Improving fisheries by addressing the underlying causes of overfishing and IUU fishing, and addressing aquaculture sustainability, quality, and safety
- Mitigating the threats to human and ocean health due to marine pollution, including nutrients and marine and land-based plastics, through establishment of more wastewater treatment facilities with reuse applications, integrated solid waste management systems, and reuse of plastics and other recyclables
- Advocating the inclusion of women, small-scale fishers, informal workers (such as those in the aquaculture, ports, shipping, tourism, trade and logistics industries)Advancing connectivity and trade through ports, shipping, submarine communications, and digitalization
- Promoting science, innovation, and technologies to transform the ocean economic sectors to become sustainable, climate-smart, low-carbon, resilient, and more efficient and productive
- Promoting sustainable ocean financing and new financing modalities to support climate action, biodiversity conservation, and blue economy development.
- Informing policymakers and stakeholders about the value of the ocean, and the need for bold actions now for the benefit of the future generations
More information in the brochure. A Supplemental Report is also available.
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
PEMSEA eBulletin - July 2026
Dear PEMSEA community,
July was a month of taking stock—and looking ahead.
Across the region, PEMSEA partners came together to reflect on progress, strengthen partnerships, and chart the path forward for a resilient East Asian Seas region. At the center of these conversations was the 18th East Asian Seas Partnership Council Meeting in Singapore, where PEMSEA Country and Non-Country Partners reviewed key achievements, agreed on strategic priorities, and reaffirmed a shared vision for healthy coasts, resilient communities, and sustainable blue economies. The field visit to Singapore’s Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve offered participants an opportunity to see firsthand how conservation efforts and nature-based solutions contribute to resilient coastal ecosystems.
Collaboration extended well beyond the EAS Partnership Council Meeting. This month saw the approval of revised pilot projects in three Philippine sites and continued preparations for implementation in Timor-Leste under the MOF/PEMSEA Marine Plastics ODA Project, bringing local governments one step closer to turning plans into action. The GEF/UNDP/ASEAN Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) Project also marked several milestones, convening regional dialogues on river basin governance, holding its 4th Regional Steering Committee Meeting, and advancing pilot project development through field missions and local engagement.
Taken together, these stories reflect a busy July and show how regional cooperation is translated into practical solutions—through partnerships, informed decision-making, and sustained action on the ground.
MOF/PEMSEA Marine Plastics ODA Project 2026 Intersessional Regional Steering Committee Meeting
The 2026 Intersessional Regional Steering Committee (RSC) Meeting of the MOF/PEMSEA ODA Project on Reducing Marine Plastics in the East Asian Seas Region was held on 2 July 2026 in PEMSEA Office and via Zoom. The objective of the meeting was to report the status of the procurement process for the pilot projects in the Philippines, to seek approval for changes in Dipolog City's pilot project design and budget and to provide an update on project implementation in Timor-Leste, including the hiring of consultants and the preparation of pilot project designs and the MEP Program in Dili, Manatuto, Liquica and Atauro.
The 2nd Intersessional RSC Meeting was a significant step to ensure that the pilot project implementation in the Philippines remains within the agreed timeline—as reported during the 3rd RSC Meeting—and to realign Dipolog City's design and budget to efficiently and effectively address the City's marine plastic issues. Specifically, this aims to urgently improve household waste collection and transport to material recovery facilities and the sanitary landfill.In addition, the meeting marked the start of the full implementation of the project in Timor-Leste, bolstered by added support through the hiring of the National Coordinator and National Technical Advisor. This will hasten coordination among the national and local governments, various stakeholders, and local communities.
The meeting was organized in hybrid format: at the conference room of PEMSEA Office which was chaired by Mr. Eddie Abugan, Division Chief, Project Management Division, FASPS, DENR, Philippines and through Zoom for the online participants.
Integrated River Basin Management Project Newsletter - Edition 11
The second quarter of 2026 focused on technical capacity development, regional and global knowledge exchange, and basin-level implementation under the GEF/UNDP/ASEAN Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) Project. Activities during the quarter included the Regional Training on the REWEFe Toolkit and Water–Energy–Food–Ecosystem (WEFE) Nexus Application; knowledge exchange on marine litter governance and Source-to-Sea cooperation; and the formalization of partnerships for Project implementation in the Kedah River Basin, Malaysia.
In April, representatives from the six ASEAN Member States participating in the Project took part in the hybrid Regional Training on the REWEFe Toolkit and WEFE Nexus Application, held in Manila, Philippines. Participants were introduced to the Project’s basin-level WEFE Nexus assessment and the REWEFe Toolkit comprising the User Manual and Guide. Through lectures, discussions, and hands-on exercises, they examined the governance and technical dimensions of applying the Toolkit, developed user-defined scenarios, and analyzed trade-offs and synergies across the WEFE nexus. The training also explored how scenario results can support cross-sector coordination and inform IRBM strategies and action plans, pilot project development, and stakeholder discussions at the river basin level.
Regional knowledge exchange continued in May through the PEMSEA Resource Facility’s participation in the International Summer Course on Marine Litter Management, Policy and Integrated Coastal Governance in the East Asian Seas Region, hosted by IPB University in Bogor, Indonesia. Ms. Nancy Bermas, Regional Project Manager of the IRBM Project, delivered a lecture on cross-country mapping of marine litter governance and management. She introduced PEMSEA’s Framework for Sustainable Development of Coastal and Marine Areas and presented the Manila Bay experience to illustrate how partnerships among governments, academic institutions, the private sector, development partners, civil society organizations, and communities can support coordinated responses to managing marine litter. She also discussed how the IRBM Project and the MOF/PEMSEA Marine Plastics Official Development Assistance (ODA) Project contribute to marine litter and plastic waste management.
Also in May, the Project shared its experience in applying the Source-to-Sea approach during the webinar, Source-to-Sea Cooperation: Practical Guidance for Implementation in Transboundary Basins, jointly organized by GEF IW:LEARN and the Secretariat of the UN Water Convention at UNECE. During the practitioner panel, Ms. Bermas explained how the IW:LEARN guidance has informed the Project from concept and project development through implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and learning. She highlighted its application in identifying priority flows and basin hotspots; conducting stakeholder mapping and governance baseline assessments; strengthening multisectoral and interagency river basin mechanisms; developing and implementing pilot projects to address the priority flows; and establishing monitoring, evaluation, and learning systems, including indicator-based State of River Basin Reports. She also emphasized the need for more on-the-ground examples showing how integrated river basin management, integrated coastal management, and marine protected area networks can be linked through the broader Sourceto- Sea framework.
In June, the Project officially launched implementation in the Kedah River Basin following the signing of a Memorandum of Agreement between the Universiti Sains Malaysia and the PEMSEA Resource Facility and a Memorandum of Understanding among the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, the Kedah State Water Resources Board, and Universiti Sains Malaysia. The agreements formalized partnerships to strengthen the coordinating mechanism for IRBM implementation, undertake a baseline assessment of the river basin and associated coastal areas of Kedah State, and prepare a State of River Basin Report and IRBM Strategic Action Plan. The Project will also support the development and implementation of pilot projects addressing priority concerns, including flooding, declining water quality, and sedimentation.
This edition also features a closer look at the Project’s WEFE Nexus assessment, and the application of the REWEFe Toolkit supported by a User Manual and Guide. The feature explains how these resources contribute to understanding basin conditions, assessing future scenarios, and informing IRBM strategies, action plans, and potential interventions across the seven priority river basins.
PEMSEA eBulletin - June 2026
Dear PEMSEA community,
There's a quote that says, "Believe you can and you're halfway there." For PEMSEA, the month of June marks an exciting midpoint of growth and collaboration for sustainable coastal, ocean, and river basin governance across the East Asian Seas region.
Check out our key milestones this June:
Kedah River Basin, Malaysia: The GEF/UNDP/ASEAN Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) Project officially launched implementation following a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) signed between Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and the PEMSEA Resource Facility (PRF) on 16 June 2026.
PRICELESS Project Progress: The Project successfully held its Interim Inter-Agency Technical Working Group and Project Steering Committee meetings on 18–19 June to align strategic goals.
PEMSEA 2025 Annual Report: PEMSEA officially released its annual report, detailing a year of collective achievements, stronger partnerships, and high-impact initiatives in ocean governance.
New Alliance in Indonesia: On 22 June, ATSEA and Nusa Cendana University formalized a strategic partnership by signing a Memorandum of Understanding and Agreement in East Nusa Tenggara.
World Ocean Day in the Philippines: In Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, coastal communities joined a major coastal clean-up led by Project Zacchaeus, the Marine Environment Protector partner under the MOF/PEMSEA Marine Plastics ODA Project.
Regional Capacity Development: In Bangkok, PEMSEA Resource Facility Executive Director Ms. Aimee Gonzales spoke at the CAPFISH Summer Academy Southeast Asia, organized by the World Maritime University, RoKorea's Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries and Korea Maritime Institute emphasizing the critical need for innovation, inclusive governance, and regional cooperation to sustainably manage the region's fisheries.
Regional Training on the REWEFe Toolkit and WEFE Nexus Application in Southeast Asia
The GEF/UNDP/ASEAN Project on Reducing Pollution and Preserving Environmental Flows in the East Asian Seas through the Implementation of Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) in ASEAN Countries through the Regional Project Management Unit (RPMU) of PEMSEA Resource Facility (PRF) organized a Regional Training on the Rapid Evaluation of the Water, Energy, Food and Ecosystem (REWEFe) Toolkit and Water, Energy, Food and Ecosystem (WEFE) Nexus Application in Southeast Asia on April 21-24, 2026 in Manila, Philippines, in collaboration with FutureWater.
The IRBM Project is being implemented by PRF and aims to establish functional IRBM mechanisms to reduce pollution, sustain freshwater environmental flows, and adapt to climate change across seven priority river basins in Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines, and Viet Nam.
The REWEFe toolkit was developed by FutureWater and tailored to meet the specific needs of the IRBM Project and the Southeast Asian region WEFE Nexus context. Following its successful demonstration in three priority river basins of the IRBM Project, a need for regional capacity building was identified to support broader uptake of the toolkit within sound IRBM governance processes. This training represented a key milestone in that capacity building effort.