While environmental profiles and reports were being prepared at local and national levels and covered specific sector/s, there was no integrated monitoring, evaluation, and reporting tool that was specifically intended for local governments implementing ICM programs.

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Inadequate waste management and sanitation has consequences on the health and well-being of communities and the local environment. In Sihanoukville (Cambodia) and the Sedone Provinces of Champasack, Saravanne and Sekong (Lao PDR), unsightly solid waste was a major concern with both locations relying on tourism for economic development and livelihoods. While a comprehensive analysis had not been done to determine the impacts, community members reported problems related to solid wastes including blocking natural drainage systems, flooding, the presence of vermin, illness/disease, etc.

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The heavy use of the Yeh Gangga Beach both as a place of worship, especially during the melasti ceremony, as a tourist destination attracting believers and tourists in their huge numbers, and as a fishing center of the Tabanan Regency brought about conflicts among its users.

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As immediate users of coastal areas, civil society groups have a crucial contribution to the development and implementation of ICM programs. Being users, they tend to have a deeper affinity to what is being managed. This leads to better and broader understanding of issues at stake and greater commitment to take action because of an inherent sense of ownership of place. Most often, environmental degradation is readily recognized by civil society groups because it comes along with a marked decline in livelihood.

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Corporations around the world as well as their shareholders are becoming increasingly conscious of the need for socially responsible behavior. While corporate objectives normally revolve around financial returns, many corporations see social and economic value in making a difference in the community in the form of CSR. There represents an opportunity for the local government and the private/corporate sector to forge partnerships and pool projects and resources in order to maximize impact.

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Port authorities and operators face a number of challenges with respect to their role and impact in sustainable development of coastal areas. The development and adoption of international safety, environment and security standards by global bodies have emphasized that an effective management system must not only encompass operational activities, but also build quality, safety, health and environmental objectives and procedures into each process. It is with this challenge and opportunity that the Port Authority of Thailand decided to implement the PSHEMS in Bangkok Port and Laem Chabang Port.

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Fishing is a main source of income in Stung Hav District with about 75-80 percent of the population occupied as artisanal fishers or about 9,500 individuals. Most of the fishers in Stung Hav share the belief that when there is increased competition and less catch, bigger boats and more efficient fishing gears are required to harvest more fish. Some fishers are prompted to borrow money from the local bank or private money lenders and others sell their properties to “modernize” their fishing gear. Lack of fish begets stronger resolve to get more fish.

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The GDP growth rate of Da Nang for the period 2002-2012 was 12.53%, making it one of the fastest growing cities in Viet Nam. Urbanization and industrialization over the past decade have decreased the land use area for forestry and agriculture. Natural disasters that struck Da Nang in the past have also caused destruction and uprooting of trees and vegetation, and aggravated soil erosion.

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Over the last few decades, the Bohai Sea region (i.e., three provinces and one municipality) has undergone rapid and significant economic development. As of 2010, approximately 20 percent of the country’s population was living in the Bohai Sea region. In addition, the region constituted 6.8 percent of the total area of the country and produced 25 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP).

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